The Old Dzaleka Maximum Security Prison

Site Description

The entire ground that Dzaleka Refugee Camp sits on today holds a dark historical legacy. Long before it was established as a sanctuary for refugees in 1994, the entire physical site and perimeter of Dzaleka was built as a notorious maximum security political prison during the regime of Malawi’s first president, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1964–1994).

The prison encompassed the entire initial 0.74 km² camp area. It was specifically located here because of the cold, harsh local climate, which was weaponized to punish detainees, who were frequently denied basic comforts like blankets. While many of the original brick structures have since been repurposed to house refugees, health clinics, and camp administration, the entire historical footprint of the camp originates from this confinement architecture.

Statement of Significance

Understanding the history of the Dzaleka site is critical to understanding Malawi’s own political history and transition to democracy.

The name itself is deeply historical. “Dzaleka” is derived from the Chichewa phrase “N’dzaleka,” which translates to “I will never do it again.” This name was intended to reflect the breaking of the political prisoners and dissidents—including Jehovah’s Witnesses and members of opposing civil society—who were incarcerated here.

When Banda’s regime fell in 1994 and Malawi transitioned to a multi-party democracy, the facility was closed. That same year, the UN repurposed the site to house people fleeing the Rwandan genocide and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region.

History & Background

• 1960s: Built to serve as a maximum-security detention center for political prisoners.
• 1970s: Expanded to hold thousands of detainees. Prisoners were subjected to forced labor, including the processing of sisal leaves.
• 1994: Following the fall of the Banda regime, the prison is officially closed down.
• 1994: The Government of Malawi and the UNHCR repurpose the facility to establish the Dzaleka Refugee Camp.

Condition & Preservation

Because the physical infrastructure of the old prison was only meant to hold 10,000 to 12,000 inmates, the site’s repurposing into a permanent refugee camp has resulted in massive infrastructural strain. Today, the camp houses over 50,000 individuals, far exceeding the capacity of the original prison architecture.

However, the resilience of the community has transformed a space originally built for confinement and punishment into a thriving hub of culture, small businesses, and human connection.